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Scientific references for WSRO videos

Supporting scientific references

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WSRO videos

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References

  1. Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar: Volume One (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1949).
  2. Segado Fernández S et al. Disinformation about diet and nutrition on social networks: a review of the literature. Nutr Hosp. 2025 Apr 21;42(2):366-375.
  3. Louie JCY. The time has come to reconsider the quantitative sugar guidelines and related policies. NPJ Sci Food. 2024 Nov 1;8(1):88.
  4. Louie JCY. Sugar Reformulation in Solid Foods: Limitations and Challenges. Nutr Bull. 2025 Jun;50(2):345-356. doi: 10.1111/nbu.70004. Epub 2025 Apr 11.
  5. Chiavaroli L et al. Important food sources of fructose-containing sugars and adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Apr;117(4):741-765.
  6. Lee D et al. Important Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 12;14(14):2846.
  7. Choo VL et al. Sugars and obesity: Is it the sugars or the calories? Nutr Bull. 2015;40(2):88–96.

  8. Butland, B. et al. 2007. Tackling obesities: future choices - project report (2nd edition). Foresight. Government Office for Science, UK. BIS/07/1184X.

     

Video

  1. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates. Lane Community College; 2021. https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/39963
  2. Dunn J, Grider MH. Physiology, Adenosine Triphosphate. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
  3. EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens  (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre.
  4. EFSA Journal. 2010;8(3):1462.EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA). Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars. EFSA Journal. 2022;20(2):e07074.
  5. Mergenthaler, P., Lindauer, U., Dienel, G. A., & Meisel, A. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends in neurosciences. 2013. 36(10), 587–597.
  6. NHS England. 2023. Understanding calories - NHS
  7. World Health Organization. Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children. 2015. 59 p.

Video

  1. Bento HBS, Carvalho AKF, Reis CER, De Castro HF. Single cell oil production and modification for fuel and food applications: Assessing the potential of sugarcane molasses as culture medium for filamentous fungus. Ind Crops Prod. 2020 Mar 1;145:112141.
  2. Bernstein J, Christoforou AK, Weippert M, L’Abbe MR. Reformulation of sugar contents in Canadian prepackaged foods and beverages between 2013 and 2017 and resultant changes in nutritional composition of products with sugar reductions. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(16):2870-78.
  3. Clark M, Springmann M, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Hill J, Tilman D, et al. Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 16;119(33):e2120584119.
  4. Clemens R et al. Functionality of Sugars in Foods and Health. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2016. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12194
  5. Cooper JM. Product Reformulation – Can Sugar be replaced in foods? International Sugar Journal. 2012;114:1365
  6. Cooper, JM. The challenges of reformulation for sugars reduction. Food Science and Technology. 2017;31(1):38–41.
  7. Cosun Beet Company. Bright Beet Book. 2021. Available from: https://www.brightbeetbook.com/
  8. Goldfein KR, Slavin JL. Why Sugar Is Added to Food: Food Science 101. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2015;14(5):644–56.
  9. Poore J, Nemecek T. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science. 2018 June 1;360(6392):987–92.
  10. Prada M, Saraiva M, Sério A, Coelho S, Godinho CA, Garrido MV. The impact of sugar-related claims on perceived healthfulness, caloric value and expected taste of food products. Food Quality and Preference. 2021 Dec 1;94:104331.
  11. Patterson NJ, Sadler MJ, Cooper JM. Consumer understanding of sugars claims on food and drink products. Nutr Bull. 2012 Jun;37(2):121–30.
  12. Wang YF, Marsden S, DiAngelo C, Clarke A, Chung A, Yu J, Fan Z, Cooper J, Kitts D. Disconnection between sugars reduction and calorie reduction in baked goods and breakfast cereals with sugars-related nutrient content claims in the Canadian marketplace. Front Nutr. 2025 Feb 24;12:1539695. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1539695. 

Video

  1. Bento HBS, Carvalho AKF, Reis CER, De Castro HF. Single cell oil production and modification for fuel and food applications: Assessing the potential of sugarcane molasses as culture medium for filamentous fungus. Ind Crops Prod. 2020 Mar 1;145:112141.
  2. Clark M, Springmann M, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Hill J, Tilman D, et al. Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 16;119(33):e2120584119.
  3. Clemens R et al. Functionality of Sugars in Foods and Health. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2016. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12194
  4. Cosun Beet Company. Bright Beet Book. 2021. Available from: https://www.brightbeetbook.com/
  5. Drewnowski A, Rehm CD, Martin A, Verger EO, Voinnesson M, Imbert P. Energy and nutrient density of foods in relation to their carbon footprint. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jan 1;101(1):184–91.
  6. Mahmud MA, Anannya FR. Sugarcane bagasse - A source of cellulosic fiber for diverse applications. Heliyon. 2021 Aug;7(8):e07771.
  7. Poore J, Nemecek T. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science. 2018 June 1;360(6392):987–92.
  8. University of East London. Sugarcrete. 2025. Available from: https://www.uel.ac.uk/sugarcrete
  9. Usmani Z, Sharma M, Diwan D, Tripathi M, Whale E, Jayakody LN, et al. Valorization of sugar beet pulp to value-added products: A review. Bioresour Technol. 2022 Feb 1;346:126580.

Video

  1. American Institute for Cancer Research. The Sugar and Cancer Connection. https://www.aicr.org/news/the-sugar-cancer-connection/
  2. Butland, B., Jebb, S., Kopelman, P., McPherson, K., Thomas, S., Mardell, J., & Parry, V. Tackling obesities: future choices - project report (2nd edition). Foresight. 2007. Tackling obesities: future choices - project report (2nd edition). Foresight. Government Office for Science, UK. BIS/07/1184X.
  3. Chiavaroli L, Cheung A, Ayoub-Charette S, Ahmed A, Lee D, Au-Yeung F, et al. Important food sources of fructose-containing sugars and adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Apr;117(4):741–65.
  4. Choo VL, Viguiliouk E, Blanco Mejia S, Cozma AI, Khan TA, Ha V, et al. Food sources of fructose-containing sugars and glycaemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies. BMJ. 2018 Nov 21;363.
  5. Fattore E, Botta F, Agostoni C, Bosetti C. Effects of free sugars on blood pressure and lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nutritional isoenergetic intervention trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;105(1):42–56.
  6. Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, et al. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):826-837
  7. Khan TA, Tayyiba M, Agarwal A, Mejia SB, de Souza RJ, Wolever TMS, et al. Relation of Total Sugars, Sucrose, Fructose, and Added Sugars With the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Dec;94(12):2399–414.
  8. Lee D, Chiavaroli L, Ayoub-Charette S, Khan TA, Zurbau A, Au-Yeung F, et al. Important Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 12;14(14):2846. 
  9. Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 2013 Jan 15;346:e7492.
  10. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

Video

  1. Greenberg D, St Peter JV. Sugars and Sweet Taste: Addictive or Rewarding? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9791.
  2. Markus CR, Rogers PJ, Brouns F, Schepers R. Eating dependence and weight gain; no human evidence for a “sugar-addiction” model of overweight. Appetite. 2017 Jul 1;114:64–72.
  3. Blundell JE, Finlayson G. Food Addiction Not Helpful: The Hedonic Component – Implicit Wanting – Is Important. Addiction. 2011;106(7):1216–8.
  4. Westwater ML, Fletcher PC, Ziauddeen H. Sugar addiction: the state of the science. Eur J Nutr. 2016 Nov 1;55(2):55–69.
  5. Benton D. The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders. Clinical Nutrition. 2010 Jun 1;29(3):288–303.
  6. NeuroFAST. NeuroFAST consensus opinion on food addiction. 2014; Available from: https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/results/245/245009/final1-consensus.pdf
  7. Benton D, Young HA. A meta-analysis of the relationship between brain dopamine receptors and obesity: a matter of changes in behavior rather than food addiction? Int J Obes (Lond). 2016 Mar;40 Suppl 1:S12-21.
  8. Hauck C, Cook B, Ellrott T. Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020 Feb;79(1):103–12.
  9. Rogers PJ. Food and drug addictions: Similarities and differences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017 Feb;153:182–90.
  10. Hebebrand J, Albayrak Ö, Adan R, Antel J, Dieguez C, de Jong J, et al. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2014 Nov 1;47:295–306.
  11. International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases
  12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6.

Video

  1. World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241549028
  2. Louie J. The time has come to reconsider the quantitative sugar guidelines and related policies. npj Sci Food. 2024. 8, 88.
  3. Pitts N, Zero D. Executive Summary White Paper on Dental Caries Prevention and Management. FDI World Dent Fed. 2017
  4. European Food Safety Authority Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens, Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, et al. Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Dietary Sugars. 2022 p. e07074.
  5. Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 2013 Jan 15;346:e7492.
  6. Choo VL, Ha V, Sievenpiper JL. Sugars and obesity: Is it the sugars or the calories? Nutr Bull. 2015;40(2):88–96.

Video

  1. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sayon-Orea C, Ruiz-Canela M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Impact of sugars and sugar taxation on body weight control: A comprehensive literature review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(7):1410–26.
  2. Fichera E, Mora T, Lopez-Valcarcel BG, Roche D. How do consumers respond to “sin taxes”? New evidence from a tax on sugary drinks. Social Science & Medicine. 2021;274:113799.
  3. Firdaus S, Andarwulan N, Hariyadi P. Modeling and empirical evidence of the impact of implementation of sugar sweetened-beverages tax to reduce non-communicable diseases prevalence: a systematic review. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1448300.
  4. Gressier M, Swinburn B, Frost G, Segal AB, Sassi F. What is the impact of food reformulation on individuals’ behaviour, nutrient intakes and health status? A systematic review of empirical evidence. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22(2):e13139.
  5. Jaacks LM. Taxes on saturated fat, salt, and sugar improve the healthiness of grocery purchases, but changes are frustratingly small. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(8):e363–4.
  6. Maniadakis N, Kapaki V, Damianidi L, Kourlaba G. A systematic review of the effectiveness of taxes on nonalcoholic beverages and high-in-fat foods as a means to prevent obesity trends. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;5:519–43.
  7. Pfinder M, Heise TL, Hilton Boon M, Pega F, Fenton C, Griebler U, et al. Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(4).
  8. Powell LM, Chriqui JF, Khan T, Wada R, Chaloupka FJ. Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obes Rev. 2013;14(2):110–28.
  9. Smith E, Scarborough P, Rayner M, Briggs ADM. Should we tax unhealthy food and drink? Proc Nutr Soc. 2018;77(3):314–20.
  10. Thiboonboon K, Lourenco RDA, Cronin P, Khoo T, Goodall S. Economic Evaluations of Obesity-Targeted Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) Taxes–A Review to Identify Methodological Issues. Health Policy. 2024;144:105076.
  11. Wilson P, Hogan S. Sugar taxes: a review of the evidence. NZIER report to Ministry of Health. New Zealand Institute of Economic Research. 2018. Report. Available from: https://apo.org.au/node/130951.

Video

  1. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Risk - What Causes Diabetes. 2021. https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-risk
  2. Diabetes UK. Us, diabetes and a lot of facts and stats. https://www.keep-healthy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/diabetes-facts-stats.pdf
  3. Lean MEJ, Te Morenga L. Sugar and Type 2 diabetes. British Medical Bulletin. 2016 Dec 1;120(1):43–53. 
  4. Neuenschwander M, Ballon A, Weber KS, Norat T, Aune D, Schwingshackl L, et al. Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. BMJ. 2019 Jul 3;l2368. 
  5. Tsilas CS, De Souza RJ, Mejia SB, Mirrahimi A, Cozma AI, Jayalath VH, et al. Relation of total sugars, fructose and sucrose with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. CMAJ. 2017 May 23;189(20):E711–20. 
  6. Choo VL, Viguiliouk E, Blanco Mejia S, Cozma AI, Khan TA, Ha V, et al. Food sources of fructose-containing sugars and glycaemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies. BMJ. 2018 Nov 21;363. 
  7. Khan T, Chen V, Lee D, Tayyiba M, Saleh A, Ahmed A, et al. Important Food Sources of Sugars and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Can J Diabetes. 2022;46(7)S11-12
  8. UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Carbohydrates and Health Report. London: TSO; 2015. 
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Sugars & health

Evidence-based, scientific information on sugars' role in health and nutrition.